Smartphones and computer wouldn’t be as useful as they are today without the room for apps, music and videos.

Devices tend to store that information in two ways: through electric fields, like a flash drive, or through magnetic fields, like a computer’s spinning hard disk. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. But in the future, our electronics could benefit from the best of each.

"There's an interesting concept," says Chang-Beom Eom, the Theodore H. Geballe Professor and Harvey D. Spangler Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "Can you cross-couple these two different ways to store information? Could we use an electric field to change the magnetic properties? Then you can have a low-power, multifunctional device. We call this a 'magnetoelectric' device."

In the research, Eom and his collaborators describe their unique process for making a high-quality magnetoelectric material, but also how and why it works.

Magnetoelectric materials have magnetic and electrical functionalities and they already exist. Switching one functionality induces a change in the other.

"It's called cross-coupling," says Eom. "Yet, how they cross-couple is not clearly understood."

Gaining that understanding requires studying how the magnetic properties change when an electric field is applied. Up to now, this has been difficult due to the complicated structure of most magnetoelectric materials.

In the past, people have studied magnetoelectric properties using very “complex” materials, or those that lack uniformity. In this approach, Eom simplified the research and the material itself.

Drawing on his expertise in material growth, Eom developed a unique process, using atomic “steps” to guide the growth of a homogenous, single-crystal, thin film of bismuth ferrite. On top of that, he added cobalt, which is magnetic, on the bottom he placed an electrode made of strontium ruthenate.

The bismuth ferrite material was important because it made it much easier for Eom to study the fundamental magnetoelectric cross-coupling.

"We found that in our work, because of our single domain, we could actually see what was going on using multiple probing, or imaging, techniques," he says. "The mechanism is intrinsic. It's reproducible -- and that means you can make a device without any degradation, in a predictable way."

To image the changing electric and magnetic properties switching in real time, Eom and his colleagues used the powerful synchrotron light sources at Argonne National Laboratory outside of Chicago and in Switzerland and the U.K.

"When you switch it, the electrical field switches the electric polarization. If it's 'downward,' it switches 'upward,'" he says. "The coupling to the magnetic layer then changes its properties: a magnetoelectric storage device."

The change in direction enables researchers to take the next steps needed to add programmable integrated circuits—the building blocks that are the foundation of our electronics—to the material.

The homogeneous material enabled Eom to answer important scientific questions about how magnetoelectric cross-coupling happens. It could also enable manufacturers to improve their electronics.

"Now we can design a much more effective, efficient and low-power device," he says.

By: DocMemory
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